What is “General-Purpose AI” (GPAI)?
General-Purpose AI (GPAI) is a legal category under the EU AI Act defined as AI systems that can perform a wide range of distinct tasks and can be integrated into a variety of downstream systems. The category captures large language models, large image/video generators, and other foundation models with broad applicability. GPAI obligations under the AI Act apply from August 2025, with additional rules for “GPAI with systemic risk” (typically frontier models above 10^25 FLOPs of training compute).
GPAI obligations under EU AI Act
- Article 53 — transparency: technical documentation including training data summary, evaluation results, energy consumption.
- Copyright policy: documented policy on how copyrighted training data is handled (opt-out reservation respect).
- Downstream support: sufficient information for downstream providers to comply with their own AI Act duties.
- Public training data summary: detailed summary of content used for training, in a form to be specified by the AI Office.
GPAI with systemic risk (additional)
- Compute threshold: >10^25 FLOPs training compute is presumptive systemic risk; AI Office can designate others.
- Model evaluation: adversarial testing, red-teaming, evaluation of systemic risks.
- Risk mitigation: documented and implemented.
- Cybersecurity: robust protection of model weights and infrastructure.
- Serious incident reporting: to the AI Office without delay.
What counts as a GPAI provider
Whoever puts a GPAI model on the EU market — whether by selling API access, releasing open weights, or hosting a consumer product — is a GPAI provider with these obligations. Türk şirketler için AB pazarına satan veya AB kullanıcılarına hizmet veren her GPAI modeli bu kapsamdadır.
Türk şirketleri için pratik etki
AB’ye satan Türk AI ürün şirketleri için GPAI dokümantasyonu Ağustos 2025’ten itibaren gerekir. Türk model geliştiricileri (örn. yerli LLM girişimleri) GPAI-with-systemic-risk eşiğinin altında kalır ancak temel şeffaflık yükümlülükleri uygulanır.
Do: if you fine-tune or modify GPAI models for production use, document the modification — you may become a GPAI provider yourself.
Don’t: assume the upstream model provider’s GPAI compliance covers you — downstream providers have their own duties under AI Act.