From emerging regulation to deal mechanics, we write about the questions founders and investors actually ask — practical analysis you can put to work.
Run-rate is the annualised projection of current performance — typically used to translate a short-period figure (a month, a quarter) into a forward-looking annual indicator. The most common variant is monthly recurring revenue multiplied by 12 to produce an “ARR run-rate”.
Recurring revenue is the predictable, contractual portion of revenue a business expects to receive on a continuing basis — subscriptions, SaaS contracts, maintenance, retainer arrangements.
Operating margin is operating profit (EBIT) divided by revenue, expressed as a percentage. It measures how much of every dollar of sales the business converts into profit from core operations — after COGS and all operating expenses, but before interest and tax.
Net sales is gross revenue minus returns, allowances and discounts — the top-line figure recognised on the income statement under IFRS 15 / ASC 606. It represents the consideration the seller actually expects to keep from goods or services delivered to customers.
Revenue is a company’s top line: income from sales before costs. Why recognition (IFRS 15) differs from cash, how contract definitions of “net revenue” move deal value, and where turnover triggers Turkish regulatory thresholds.
A profit and loss (P&L) statement is a financial report that summarises a company’s revenues, costs and expenses over a specific period — typically a month, quarter or year — to show net profit or loss.
The income statement shows performance over a period: revenue down to net profit. How to read gross and operating profit, why profit isn’t cash, and which P&L lines deal terms hang from.
Gross profit is a company’s revenue minus its cost of goods sold (COGS) — the absolute dollar amount left after direct production costs, but before operating expenses, interest and taxes.
Gross margin is gross profit divided by revenue, expressed as a percentage. It measures the production efficiency of the business — how much revenue is left after cost of goods sold to fund operating expenses, R&D, sales and marketing, and ultimately profit.
The general ledger (GL) is the master accounting record of a company — the complete, organised set of all financial transactions, classified by account, that produces the balance sheet and income statement.
