A bring-down certificate confirms at closing that signing-date representations are still true — the document that connects the gap period to the buyer’s right to walk.

Türkiye makes mediation a precondition to suit in employment, commercial-receivable, consumer and related disputes — skipping it gets the case dismissed. How the mechanism works and how startups should use it.

The imza sirküleri is the notarised document proving who may sign for a Turkish company and how — counterparties ask for it in every deal, and its scope limits bind third parties via the registry.

Turkish law enforces contractual penalties without proof of loss — unlike common law. Where cezai şart works (SHAs, non-competes, NDAs), where courts reduce it, and the merchant exception.

The DSA layers duties on intermediaries by size and function — notice-and-action, transparency, minor protection, and VLOP obligations. What it means for platforms serving EU users from Türkiye.

Non-EU companies caught by GDPR’s extraterritorial reach must appoint an EU-based representative as regulators’ and data subjects’ local contact — the duty Turkish startups most often miss.

The records of processing map what personal data you process, why, on what basis and for how long — GDPR Art. 30’s ROPA and KVKK’s kişisel veri işleme envanteri, the backbone document of every privacy program.

Open banking lets licensed third parties access bank accounts via APIs for account information and payment initiation — in Türkiye through TCMB-regulated AIS/PIS services on the BKM GEÇİT infrastructure.

An e-money institution issues stored value redeemable at par under TCMB licence and supervision — the wallet licence of Turkish fintech, one step up from a payment institution.

Türkiye’s 2024 Capital Markets Law amendment put crypto platforms, custodians and other CASPs under CMB licensing — capital, governance, custody and MASAK obligations in one regime.