Blue sky laws are state-level securities regulations in the United States requiring companies to register securities offerings and provide financial information to protect investors from fraud.

A blanket lien is a financial claim that gives a lender the right to seize all of a debtor’s assets used as collateral — covering all business assets — in the event of default.

The Black-Scholes model is a mathematical framework for pricing European-style options, using factors like current stock price, strike price, time to expiration, volatility, and risk-free interest rate.

Authorized shares are the maximum number of shares a company is legally permitted to issue, as defined in its articles of incorporation, setting the ceiling for equity issuance.

Automatic conversion is a provision in preferred stock agreements where preferred shares automatically convert to common shares upon a qualifying event such as an IPO or a defined financing round.

As-converted basis refers to calculating a company’s capitalization assuming all convertible securities (preferred stock, options, warrants, convertible notes) have been converted into common shares.

Amortization is the process of gradually writing off the initial cost of an intangible asset over its useful life (in accounting) or paying off a loan through scheduled payments over time (in finance).

Lending is the act of providing money, property, or other assets to a borrower for a defined period, with the expectation of repayment with interest.

MCIs are entities that perform multiple functions in the cryptoasset ecosystem — such as trading, custody, lending, and exchange — within a single platform, raising unique regulatory and systemic risk concerns.

Open Banking is the regulatory framework requiring banks to share customer financial data (with explicit customer consent) with licensed third-party providers via standardized APIs — enabling fintechs, account-aggregation platforms, payment-initiation services, and other innovators to build custo…