Insights and updates

From emerging regulation to deal mechanics, we write about the questions founders and investors actually ask — practical analysis you can put to work.

LLC (Limited Liability Company)

An LLC (Limited Liability Company) is a hybrid U.S. business entity that combines the limited-liability protection of a corporation with the operational flexibility and pass-through tax treatment of a partnership.

ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number)

An ITIN (Individual Taxpayer Identification Number) is a nine-digit tax processing number issued by the IRS to individuals who are required to have a U.S. taxpayer identification number but are not eligible for a Social Security Number.

SSN (Social Security Number)

A Social Security Number (SSN) is a nine-digit identifier issued by the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) to U.S. citizens, permanent residents and certain authorized non-immigrants.

EIN (Employer Identification Number)

An EIN (Employer Identification Number) is a nine-digit federal taxpayer identification number issued by the IRS to U.S. businesses, trusts, estates and certain other entities.

IRS (Internal Revenue Service)

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury responsible for administering and enforcing the Internal Revenue Code.

EU (European Union)

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states established by the Treaty of Maastricht (1992) and currently governed by the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

CMB (Capital Markets Board)

The Capital Markets Board (CMB), known in Turkish as Sermaye Piyasası Kurulu (SPK), is Türkiye’s principal securities regulator. Established under Capital Markets Law No. 2499 and re-codified under Law No.

Minority Protection Rights

Minority protection rights are legal and contractual safeguards designed to protect shareholders who do not control a company from oppressive, unfair, or self-dealing actions by majority shareholders or management.