The Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (LGPD — Brazil Law 13.709/2018) is Brazil’s comprehensive data protection statute, effective 18 September 2020 (administrative sanctions effective 1 August 2021).

The Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) is China’s comprehensive data protection statute, effective 1 November 2021.

Dual licensing is a software distribution strategy under which the same codebase is offered under two distinct licences: typically a copyleft open-source licence (e.g., GPL, AGPL) for non-commercial or community use, and a separate commercial licence for proprietary or enterprise use.

Copyleft is the open-source licensing approach pioneered by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1989 with the GNU General Public License (GPL).

A Standard Essential Patent (SEP) is a patent that is “essential” to a technical standard — meaning it is technically impossible to implement the standard without infringing the patent.

FRAND (Fair, Reasonable, and Non-Discriminatory) is the licensing commitment that holders of Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) make to standards-setting organisations (SSOs) such as ETSI, IEEE, ITU, 3GPP.

A side letter is a supplementary agreement between an individual limited partner (LP) and the fund’s general partner (GP) that grants the specific LP terms that differ from — or supplement — the standard Limited Partnership Agreement (LPA).

GP commit (General Partner commitment) is the capital that the fund’s general partner — the management team — invests into their own fund alongside limited partners.

GP staking is the practice whereby private fund managers (general partners — GPs) sell a minority equity stake in their management company to a specialised institutional investor (a “GP stakes investor”).

LP commitments (Limited Partner commitments) are the legally binding capital pledges that institutional investors (pension funds, sovereign wealth, endowments, family offices) make to a venture capital or private equity fund at the fund’s closing.